The main intention of this review to accumulate the data related ovarian physiology of buffalo including cyclicity, folliculogenesis, ovulation, development and function of the corpus luteum (CL). As the buffalo is a short-day breeder but it can shows oestrous cycles throughout the year, if provided adequate nutrition is to preserve reproductive functions. The age at puberty is influenced by genotype, nutrition, management and climate. Under favorable conditions, puberty occurs at 15–18 and 21–24 months old in river buffalo and swamp buffalo, respectively. The size of buffalo ovary is smaller than cattle and contained few primordial follicles. The mean length of the oestrous cycle is 21 days, with greater variation than observed in cattle. The signs of oestrus in buffalo are less overt than in cattle and homosexual behavior between females is rare. The duration of oestrus is 5–27 h, with ovulation occurring 24–48 h (mean 34 h) after the onset of oestrus. Synchronization protocol at time or induction of oestrus can be done using the same regimens as like in cattle, using various combinations of prostaglandin analogue, progesterone releasing devices, GnRH and eCG, but success rate is poor when treatment is done during the periods of marginal breeding activity or seasonal anoestrus.